Medications for Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis and occurs when the protective cartilage that cushions the ends of bones gradually wears away, allowing bones in a joint to rub against each other. It is primarily a degenerative condition associated with aging and mechanical stress on the joints, and is most common in the knees, hips, hands, and spine. Risk factors include older age, obesity (which increases pressure on weight-bearing joints), previous joint injuries, repetitive joint use from certain occupations or sports, and genetics. Symptoms develop slowly and include joint pain (especially with movement), stiffness after resting, reduced range of motion, a grating sensation or clicking sound, and sometimes swelling around the joint. Osteoarthritis affects more than 32 million adults in the United States.

Osteoarthritis can progressively worsen over time, limiting mobility and making everyday activities — climbing stairs, walking, or gripping objects — increasingly difficult and painful. In severe cases, joint replacement surgery (particularly hip and knee replacement) may be necessary. Treatment focuses on relieving pain and maintaining joint function: acetaminophen and NSAIDs are first-line medications for pain and inflammation; topical NSAIDs can be applied directly to the affected joint for localized relief; corticosteroid injections provide short-term relief during flares; and duloxetine (an SNRI) is approved for chronic musculoskeletal pain including OA. Non-drug therapies — exercise, physical therapy, weight loss, and assistive devices — are equally important components of OA management. The medications listed below are among the most commonly prescribed for managing osteoarthritis pain.